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Related Concept Videos

The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
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Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

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Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...
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Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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Cell Adhesion in Plants01:14

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Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Plasmodesmata01:20

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In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds
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Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

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Organelle extensions in plant cells.

Jaideep Mathur1

  • 1Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1 Canada.

Plant Physiology
|April 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Plant cells use dynamic organelle extensions, including stromules, matrixules, and peroxules, to quickly adapt to environmental changes and maintain cellular balance. These structures are crucial for cellular homeostasis.

Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Cellular homeostasis
  • Organelle dynamics

Background:

  • Plants exhibit rapid cellular responses to environmental changes.
  • Organelle dynamics are key to maintaining plant cell homeostasis.
  • Specific organelles like plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes form tubular extensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To unify the concept of diverse organelle extensions under the term 'organelle extensions'.
  • To highlight the common role of these extensions in maintaining plant cell homeostasis.
  • To explore the pleomorphic nature and interactions of organelle extensions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing foundational images and time-lapse movies of living plant cells.
  • Observing and analyzing the continuous shape changes of organelle extensions.

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  • Examining molecular and biochemical mutants with altered organelle extension phenotypes.

    • Main Results:

    • Organelle extensions (stromules, matrixules, peroxules) continuously change shape.
    • These extensions increase organelle outreach into the cytoplasm.
    • Their pleomorphy is linked to interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton.

    Conclusions:

    • Organelle extensions are a conserved mechanism for plant cell adaptation.
    • These structures play a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
    • Further research into organelle extension dynamics can reveal insights into plant cell function.