Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

59.8K
Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
59.8K
Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

42.4K
Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
42.4K
Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

10.8K
In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
10.8K
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

10.8K
According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
10.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Environmentally Friendly Waterborne Polymer/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Anticorrosion Coatings for Q235 Carbon Steel.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Correction to "Lactate Monitoring using Fluorescence with Stable Boronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles from Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA)".

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Aging, Genetic Susceptibility and Risk of Chronic Inflammatory Upper Airway Diseases: Finding From A Prospective Cohort Study.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2026
Same author

Lactate Monitoring using Fluorescence with Stable Boronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles from Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA).

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Animal Models of Allergen Immunotherapy for Allergic Airway Inflammation.

Allergy·2026
Same author

Lipid metabolism drives dietary effects on T cell ferroptosis and immunity.

Nature·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
14:52

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

9.2K

Structural Complexity of Graphene Oxide: The Kirigami Model.

Aditya Rawal1, Siti H Che Man2, Vipul Agarwal2

  • 1NMR Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Solid-state NMR revealed unprecedented structural complexity in graphene oxide (GO), identifying new chemical groups. A kirigami model reconciles NMR findings with microscopy regarding GO sheet size and edge structure.

Keywords:
2D 13C−1H heteronuclear correlation NMR2D NMRfuranic carbonsgraphene oxide structurekirigamisolid-state NMR

More Related Videos

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

1.2K
Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices
11:24

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

10.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
14:52

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

9.2K
Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

1.2K
Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices
11:24

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

10.5K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) is a crucial material with complex, not fully understood, surface chemistry.
  • Previous studies have not fully elucidated the structural diversity and functional groups present in highly oxidized GO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the detailed chemical structure of highly oxidized graphene oxide (GO) using advanced NMR techniques.
  • To resolve discrepancies between NMR-derived and microscopy-derived GO sheet sizes.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy (1D and 2D) was employed to analyze the chemical moieties in GO.
  • Quantitative NMR analysis was used to determine the relative populations and connectivity of functional groups.
  • Results were compared with microscopy and dynamic light scattering data.

Main Results:

  • NMR identified novel chemical moieties in GO, including terminal esters, furanic carbons, and phenolic carbons.
  • Distinct aromatic and alkoxy carbon moieties were quantified, revealing significant structural complexity.
  • NMR analysis inferred a small GO sheet size (2 nm) due to a high edge carbon fraction (~20%), contrasting with microscopy (>20 nm).

Conclusions:

  • A kirigami model, proposing extensive internal cuts/tears in the GO basal plane, was presented to reconcile the divergent sheet size data.
  • This study enhances the fundamental understanding of GO structure and functionalization.
  • The findings are expected to enable improved control over GO material properties and applications.