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Related Concept Videos

Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
Response Surface Methodology01:16

Response Surface Methodology

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques used to develop, improve, and optimize processes. It is particularly valuable when many input variables or factors potentially influence a response variable.
The process of RSM involves several key steps:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
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Profiling rTMS: A critical response.

Gin S Malhi1,2, Erica Bell1,2, Zola Mannie1,2,3

  • 1Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is not supported as a standard depression therapy due to insufficient evidence. Current guidelines position rTMS as an experimental treatment, requiring further research before wider clinical use.

Keywords:
efficacyguidelinesneurostimulationrTMSsham

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Guidelines

Background:

  • The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders (MDcpg2020) positioned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
  • A viewpoint article criticized this positioning, claiming it was incorrect.
  • This article serves as a direct response to those criticisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To refute criticisms regarding the positioning of rTMS in the MDcpg2020.
  • To reaffirm the evidence-based methodology used in developing the guidelines.
  • To clarify the current evidence status of rTMS for depression management.

Main Methods:

  • The authors defended their methodology, emphasizing adherence to National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines and RANZCP oversight.
  • A critical review of existing research on rTMS for depression was conducted.
  • The evidence supporting rTMS was evaluated against the criteria used for other depression treatments.

Main Results:

  • The evidence supporting rTMS as a standard therapy for depression was found to be severely deficient.
  • The current evidence does not support a specific clinical profile of depressed patients who would benefit from rTMS.
  • Tolerability alone is insufficient justification for promoting rTMS in major depression management.

Conclusions:

  • rTMS does not currently possess a sufficient evidence base to be recognized as a standard therapy for depression.
  • rTMS should be considered an experimental therapy and investigational tool pending further research.
  • A framework for future rTMS studies is proposed to guide research and evidence development.