Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...

Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Search for Light Pseudoscalar Bosons, Pair-Produced in Higgs Boson Decays in the Four-Electron Final State in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

First Evidence for Mixing-Induced CP Violation in B_{s}^{0}→J/ψϕ(1020) Decays in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Observation of Suppressed Charged-Particle Production in Ultrarelativistic Oxygen-Oxygen Collisions.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Measurement of D^{0} Meson Photoproduction in Ultraperipheral Heavy Ion Collisions.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Observation of tWZ Production at the CMS Experiment.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

First Exclusive Reconstruction of the B^{+}, B^{0}, and B_{s}^{*0} Mesons and Precise Measurement of Their Masses.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026

Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

High-Order Phase-Dependent Asymmetry in the Above-Threshold Ionization Plateau.

M Kübel¹, P Wustelt¹, Y Zhang¹

¹Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|April 2, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Above-threshold ionization in cesium shows unusual electron energy spectra. Carrier-envelope phase (CEP) changes reveal a three-cycle oscillation, explained by quantum orbit interference.

More Related Videos

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

$In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries$

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Published on: November 10, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

$In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries$

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Published on: November 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
Quantum Optics
Strong-Field Physics

Background:

Above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a fundamental process in strong-field physics.
The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of laser pulses critically influences ATI dynamics.
Understanding CEP effects is key to controlling electron wave packets.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of CEP on ATI spectra of cesium.
To explore the underlying quantum mechanical mechanisms responsible for observed spectral features.
To analyze the role of quantum interference in high-order CEP dependence.

Main Methods:

Experimental measurement of ATI spectra from cesium using 3.1 μm laser pulses.
Systematic variation of the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) over a 0 to 2π range.
Theoretical analysis using the improved strong-field approximation (SFA).

Main Results:

Observed a three-cycle oscillation in the directional asymmetry of backscattered electron energies with changing CEP.
Identified the interference of a few quantum orbits as the cause of this unusual high-order CEP dependence.
Demonstrated that the phenomenon can be understood through an analogy with time-domain electron wave packet holography.

Conclusions:

The study reveals a novel, high-order dependence of ATI spectra on CEP in cesium.
Quantum interference of specific electron trajectories dictates the observed oscillatory behavior.
Findings offer insights into controlling electron dynamics and potential applications in electron holography.