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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Void Avoidance Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks.

Rogaia Mhemed1, Frank Comeau2, William Phillips1

  • 1Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces Energy Efficient Depth-based Opportunistic Routing with Void Avoidance (EEDOR-VA) for underwater sensor networks. EEDOR-VA improves packet delivery and saves energy by avoiding network voids.

Keywords:
Opportunistic Routing (OR)Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs)energy consumptionhop countvoid node

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Marine Technology

Background:

  • Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face environmental and structural challenges impacting performance.
  • Opportunistic Routing (OR) offers enhanced packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency in UWSNs.
  • Void areas pose a significant problem in UWSN routing, leading to data loss and wasted resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel routing protocol, Energy Efficient Depth-based Opportunistic Routing with Void Avoidance (EEDOR-VA), for UWSNs.
  • To address and mitigate the issue of void areas in underwater networks.
  • To enhance both energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio in UWSNs.

Main Methods:

  • Developed EEDOR-VA, a reactive Opportunistic Routing protocol.
  • Implemented a hop count discovery procedure to update intermediate node hop counts.
  • Formed forwarding sets considering node depth relative to the packet holder to avoid void areas.

Main Results:

  • EEDOR-VA effectively prevents void/trapped nodes from participating in data transmission.
  • The protocol demonstrated superior performance compared to existing protocols in simulations.
  • Key performance indicators show improvements in packet delivery ratio and reduced energy consumption.

Conclusions:

  • EEDOR-VA successfully addresses the void area problem in UWSNs.
  • The proposed protocol offers significant advantages in energy saving and data transmission reliability.
  • EEDOR-VA represents an effective solution for efficient routing in challenging underwater environments.