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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Differentiation between Fresh and Thawed Cephalopods Using NIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis.

Francesco Pennisi1, Alessandro Giraudo2, Nicola Cavallini2

  • 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy accurately distinguishes fresh from frozen-thawed seafood like cuttlefish and octopus. This technology offers rapid, reliable tools for detecting food fraud directly in markets and for regulatory analysis.

Keywords:
NIRcephalopodschemometricscuttlefishfood fraudfreeze-thawmusky octopus

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Commercial food fraud involving the mislabeling of frozen-thawed fish as fresh is a significant issue.
  • There is a growing need for reliable analytical tools to verify seafood storage conditions.
  • Cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopus are widely distributed and susceptible to such fraudulent practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics in differentiating fresh from frozen-thawed cephalopods.
  • To compare the performance of three distinct NIR instruments (benchtop, portable, and handheld) for this application.
  • To assess the potential of NIR technology for both in-field detection of food fraud and regulatory analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty fresh specimens of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and musky octopus (Eledone spp.) were analyzed.
  • Samples were subjected to a freeze-thaw cycle (-20 °C for 10 days) and re-analyzed.
  • Near-infrared (NIR) spectra were acquired using a Bruker MPA, VIAVI MicroNIR, and Consumer Physics SCiO, then processed with chemometric methods.

Main Results:

  • NIR spectroscopy successfully discriminated between fresh and thawed samples with high accuracy.
  • Discrimination accuracies were: Cuttlefish (82.3-94.1%), Musky Octopus (91.2-97.1%), and a global model (86.8-95.6%).
  • The handheld SCiO device, analyzed via its online application, also demonstrated effective performance.

Conclusions:

  • NIR spectroscopy, combined with chemometrics, provides a powerful and accurate method for identifying seafood storage history.
  • Simplified handheld NIR devices offer potential for real-time food fraud detection in commercial settings.
  • Benchtop NIR instruments are suitable for developing validated methods for official food control laboratories and regulatory purposes.