Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

10.2K
The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
10.2K
Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

4.5K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
4.5K
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

1.1K
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
1.1K
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

283
Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
283
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

244
Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
244
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

661
Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
661

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Left bundle branch area vs biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the LEFT-BUNDLE-CRT trial.

European heart journal·2026
Same author

Great debate: conduction system pacing will replace conventional cardiac resynchronization therapy.

European heart journal·2025
Same author

Computational model of haemodynamics during atrial fibrillation.

The Journal of physiology·2025
Same author

Left bundle branch area pacing vs right ventricular pacing for atrioventricular block: the MELOS RELOADED study.

European heart journal·2025
Same author

European Society of Cardiology (ESC) clinical consensus statement on indications for conduction system pacing, with special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC and endorsed by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society, the Heart Rhythm Society, and the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society.

Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology·2025
Same author

Conduction System Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models
09:45

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Published on: June 11, 2014

31.2K

Characterization of Changes in P-Wave VCG Loops Following Pulmonary-Vein Isolation.

Nuria Ortigosa1, Óscar Cano2,3, Frida Sandberg4

  • 1I.U. Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Edif. 8E, Acceso F, 46022 Valencia, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation can be improved by understanding P-wave changes. Post-ablation P-wave characteristics predict arrhythmia recurrence, aiding treatment optimization.

Keywords:
P waveatrial fibrillationpulmonary-vein isolationvectorcardiogram (VCG)

More Related Videos

Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation
11:03

Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation

Published on: February 26, 2013

20.3K
Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins
06:48

Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins

Published on: October 28, 2020

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models
09:45

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Published on: June 11, 2014

31.2K
Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation
11:03

Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation

Published on: February 26, 2013

20.3K
Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins
06:48

Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins

Published on: October 28, 2020

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia.
  • Catheter ablation for pulmonary vein isolation is a standard treatment.
  • High recurrence rates (up to 45%) after ablation necessitate better predictive factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize atrial propagation pattern changes post-pulmonary vein isolation.
  • To investigate the relationship between these changes and atrial fibrillation recurrence.
  • To identify electrocardiogram markers for predicting ablation success.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of P-wave morphology and vectorcardiogram loops from 12-lead ECGs.
  • Inclusion of 50 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing catheter ablation.
  • Pre- and post-procedure ECG data collection and analysis.

Main Results:

  • Significant changes observed post-ablation: less round/more planar P-wave loops, shorter P waves and PR intervals, and higher heart rate.
  • These changes were more pronounced in patients with no arrhythmia recurrence at 2-year follow-up.
  • P-wave characteristics accurately predicted recurrence-free status (84% accuracy).

Conclusions:

  • Post-ablation atrial electrical remodeling is quantifiable via P-wave analysis.
  • P-wave vectorcardiogram loop morphology is a potential biomarker for predicting atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation.
  • This approach may help refine patient selection and treatment strategies for atrial fibrillation.