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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Interference and Diffraction02:18

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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Interference: Path Lengths01:10

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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
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Phase-Modulated Standing Wave Interferometer.

Ingo Ortlepp1, Eberhard Manske1, Jens-Peter Zöllner2

  • 1Institute of Process Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany.

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Summary

Standing Wave Interferometers (SWIs) offer miniaturization potential due to their simple linear optical setup. A novel single-sensor configuration with phase modulation enhances accuracy and simplifies length measurement applications.

Keywords:
interferometerphase modulationphoto sensorstanding wave

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Metrology and Measurement Science

Background:

  • Conventional interferometers are complex, bulky, and limited in application due to manual manufacturing and space requirements.
  • Standing Wave Interferometers (SWIs) present an opportunity for miniaturization with a simpler linear optical setup.
  • Existing SWI designs with two sensors face challenges with optical influences and maintaining sensor-to-sensor distance stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified Standing Wave Interferometer (SWI) configuration.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional interferometers and existing SWI designs.
  • To enable miniaturized and accurate length measurements.

Main Methods:

  • A single-sensor configuration for SWIs was developed, eliminating the need for precise sensor-to-sensor distance.
  • Phase modulation was superimposed onto the sensor signal via forced oscillation of the measuring mirror.
  • Quadrature signals were generated using the 90° phase-shifted harmonics in the sensor signal for phase demodulation and direction discrimination via an arctan-algorithm.

Main Results:

  • The single-sensor SWI configuration successfully generates quadrature signals.
  • The developed method allows for phase demodulation and direction discrimination.
  • The system avoids the need for manual manufacturing and complex optical setups, enabling miniaturization.

Conclusions:

  • The single-sensor SWI configuration offers a simplified and miniaturized approach to length measurement.
  • Phase modulation is an effective technique for generating quadrature signals in SWIs.
  • This advancement reduces complexity and expands the potential applications of interferometric measurement techniques.