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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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A Soft Tooling Process Chain for Injection Molding of a 3D Component with Micro Pillars
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Process-Structure-Properties in Polymer Additive Manufacturing.

Swee Leong Sing1, Wai Yee Yeong1

  • 1Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) methods are rapidly advancing. This study explores the latest innovations and applications in 3D printing technologies for diverse industries.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Engineering
  • Manufacturing Technology

Background:

  • Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has seen exponential growth.
  • Diverse AM techniques, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), and selective laser sintering (SLS), are continuously evolving.
  • These technologies offer unprecedented design freedom and customization capabilities.

Discussion:

  • The integration of advanced materials, such as high-performance polymers and metal alloys, is expanding the application scope of AM.
  • Process optimization and quality control are critical for ensuring the reliability and performance of AM components.
  • The development of hybrid manufacturing approaches, combining AM with traditional subtractive methods, is enhancing efficiency and precision.

Key Insights:

  • AM enables rapid prototyping and on-demand production, significantly reducing lead times and costs.
  • The ability to create complex geometries previously impossible with conventional manufacturing opens new avenues for product innovation.
  • Sustainability benefits are emerging through reduced material waste and localized production facilitated by AM.

Outlook:

  • Future advancements will likely focus on increased build speeds, larger build volumes, and enhanced material properties.
  • The widespread adoption of AM in sectors like aerospace, healthcare, and automotive is expected to accelerate.
  • Integration with digital technologies, including AI and IoT, will further revolutionize the manufacturing landscape.