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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice
Published on: January 16, 2015
Non-standard finite difference scheme and analysis of smoking model with reversion class
Anwar Zeb1, Abdullah Alzahrani2
1Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Smoking increases COVID-19 risk due to hand-to-mouth contact and potential lung damage. This study models smoking's impact on COVID-19 transmission and severity, analyzing stability and using numerical methods.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Mathematical Biology
- Public Health
Background:
- Smoking is a known risk factor for respiratory illnesses.
- Smokers exhibit increased susceptibility to viral infections, including COVID-19.
- Hand-to-mouth behavior during smoking facilitates virus transmission.
Purpose of the Study:
- To mathematically model the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in a smoking population.
- To analyze the stability of disease-free and smoking-endemic equilibrium points.
- To investigate the impact of smoking on COVID-19 risk and severity.
Main Methods:
- Formulation of a mathematical model incorporating a reversion class.
- Analysis of local and global stability of equilibrium points.
- Numerical simulations using Non-Standard Finite Difference (NSFD), ODE45, and RK4 methods.
- Graphical representation of numerical results in MATLAB.
Main Results:
- The mathematical model quantifies the increased risk of COVID-19 transmission and severity among smokers.
- Stability analysis reveals conditions for disease persistence or eradication.
- Numerical simulations demonstrate the influence of smoking prevalence on epidemic trajectories.
Conclusions:
- Smoking significantly elevates the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes.
- Mathematical modeling provides valuable insights into disease dynamics in vulnerable populations.
- Public health interventions targeting smoking cessation are crucial for mitigating COVID-19 impact.
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