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The Synapse02:47

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Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Artificial Neuron and Synapse Devices Based on 2D Materials.

Geonyeop Lee1, Ji-Hwan Baek2, Fan Ren3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer superior surfaces for neuromorphic systems, enabling efficient artificial synapses and neurons. This review highlights advances in 2D materials for brain-inspired computing hardware.

Keywords:
2D materialsartificial neuronsartificial synapsesmemristorsneuromorphic

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Computer Engineering

Background:

  • Neuromorphic systems emulate brain functions for energy-efficient, high-speed computing.
  • Traditional bulk materials face challenges due to surface defects and scattering.
  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials present dangling-bond-free surfaces and high crystallinity, ideal for neuromorphic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review fundamental synaptic behaviors and requirements for artificial synapses.
  • Summarize recent advancements in 2D materials-based synaptic devices.
  • Describe artificial neuron behaviors and review 2D materials implementations for neural networks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of synaptic plasticity and learning rules.
  • Categorization of 2D materials-based synaptic devices by working principles.
  • Review of artificial neuron requirements and 2D materials implementations.

Main Results:

  • 2D materials overcome limitations of bulk materials for stable artificial synapses.
  • Various working principles of 2D materials-based artificial synapses are categorized.
  • Progress in implementing 2D materials for artificial neurons, meeting requirements like the all-or-nothing law, is detailed.

Conclusions:

  • 2D materials are highly promising for next-generation neuromorphic computing hardware.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges and optimize 2D materials-based devices.
  • The review provides a comprehensive outlook on the future of 2D materials in neuromorphic engineering.