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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Combatting intracellular pathogens using bacteriophage delivery.

Avijit Goswami1, Pallavi Raj Sharma1, Rachit Agarwal1

  • 1Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.

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|April 5, 2021
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Summary

Bacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative to antibiotics for intracellular bacterial infections. This review explores advancements and challenges, focusing on phage uptake mechanisms against these difficult-to-treat pathogens.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceintracellular phage deliveryparticle engineeringphage uptake

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
  • Bacteriophage Biology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Intracellular pathogens reside within host cells, creating a sanctuary that limits antibiotic penetration and efficacy.
  • Existing antibiotic therapies face challenges due to poor intracellular delivery and the evolution of bacterial resistance mechanisms.
  • Bacteriophage (phage) therapy, a long-standing approach, is being re-evaluated for its potential against intracellular bacterial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of bacteriophage therapy for intracellular bacterial pathogens.
  • To identify key challenges hindering the effectiveness of phage therapy in this context.
  • To explore mechanisms of phage uptake into host cells and strategies to enhance intracellular delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on bacteriophage therapy and intracellular bacterial pathogens.
  • Analysis of studies investigating phage-host interactions and cellular uptake mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of information on challenges and potential solutions for enhancing phage efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Phage therapy presents a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics for intracellular bacterial infections.
  • Significant challenges remain, including limited phage entry into host cells and intracellular bacterial defense mechanisms.
  • Understanding phage uptake pathways is crucial for developing strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophage therapy holds potential for treating infections caused by intracellular bacteria.
  • Further research into phage-host interactions and targeted delivery systems is necessary to overcome current limitations.
  • Optimizing phage uptake mechanisms is key to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of phage therapy against these pathogens.