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    This study introduces a novel 3D navigation system using magnetic field gradients, offering a radiation-free alternative to X-ray fluoroscopy for precise surgical guidance. Miniaturized sensors enable real-time tracking of surgical tools and implants with high accuracy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Medical Imaging
    • Surgical Technology

    Background:

    • X-ray fluoroscopy is standard for surgical navigation but involves ionizing radiation.
    • High-precision surgeries require accurate real-time tracking of instruments and implants.
    • Existing non-ionizing tracking methods may lack sufficient accuracy or practicality.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a high-resolution 3D navigation and tracking system.
    • To replace X-ray fluoroscopy with a safer, magnetic field-based alternative.
    • To achieve precise surgical navigation without ionizing radiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Creation of monotonically varying magnetic fields to generate unique spatial magnetic field gradients.
    • Design of miniaturized, wireless, battery-less magnetic field sensing devices.
    • Utilization of gradient in total field magnitude and combined gradients for unambiguous, orientation-independent spatial encoding.
    • Fabrication of a prototype system using 65nm CMOS technology with planar electromagnetic coils for a scalable field-of-view (FOV).

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a localization accuracy of 1 mm in 3D space.
    • Achieved unambiguous and orientation-independent spatial encoding.
    • Developed a system with a scalable FOV (20x20x10 cm^3) and high FOV utilization (≥90%).
    • The system enables simultaneous tracking of implants and surgical tools.

    Conclusions:

    • The magnetic gradient-based system offers a viable, high-accuracy, radiation-free alternative to X-ray fluoroscopy for surgical navigation.
    • Miniaturized, wireless, battery-less sensors are feasible for in-vivo tracking.
    • The developed technology has the potential to significantly enhance precision and safety in minimally invasive and complex surgeries.