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Frequency shift algorithm: Application to a frequency-domain multiplexing readout of x-ray transition-edge sensor
D Vaccaro1, H Akamatsu1, J van der Kuur2
1NWO-I/SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
The Review of Scientific Instruments
|April 6, 2021
Summary
A new frequency shift algorithm (FSA) enables off-resonance readout for transition-edge sensors (TESs) in frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) systems. This method mitigates intermodulation distortions without compromising spectral performance, improving x-ray detector arrays.
Area of Science:
- Astrophysical instrumentation
- Superconducting detector technology
- Advanced signal processing
Background:
- Frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) is crucial for reading out large arrays of transition-edge sensors (TESs).
- Lithographic inaccuracies in superconducting LC filters limit resonator frequency precision, causing intermodulation distortions.
- Off-resonance biasing can suppress distortions but degrades detector performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a frequency shift algorithm (FSA) for TES readout in FDM systems.
- To enable off-resonance TES biasing while maintaining optimal bias circuit and spectral performance.
- To assess the impact of FSA on x-ray TES microcalorimeter array performance.
Main Methods:
- Implementation of a frequency shift algorithm (FSA) for off-resonance readout of TESs.
- Application of FSA to a multi-pixel x-ray TES microcalorimeter array utilizing FDM.
- Analysis of spectral performance and intermodulation distortion mitigation.
Main Results:
- FSA successfully allows off-resonance readout of TESs, preserving on-resonance bias circuit and spectral performance.
- Intermodulation distortion-induced line noises are shifted away from sensitive regions in multi-pixel arrays.
- X-ray performance with FSA is comparable to single-pixel, on-resonance readout levels.
Conclusions:
- The frequency shift algorithm (FSA) effectively mitigates intermodulation distortions in FDM TES arrays.
- FSA offers a scalable solution for improving the performance of large-scale superconducting detector arrays.
- This technique enhances the reliability and accuracy of TES-based x-ray detection systems.
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