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    A new method, the shifted band-extended angular spectrum method (Shift-BEASM), accurately calculates off-axis light diffraction. This technique enhances numerical propagation for non-paraxial fields, improving accuracy in near and far fields.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computational Electromagnetics

    Background:

    • Accurate simulation of light propagation is crucial for optical system design.
    • Existing methods for off-axis diffraction struggle with non-paraxial and large-scale fields.
    • Numerical propagation requires efficient and accurate algorithms for diverse applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel method for calculating free-space diffraction with off-axis offsets.
    • To enhance the simulation of non-paraxial and large-scale optical fields.
    • To improve the accuracy and range of off-axis numerical propagation.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of the shifted band-extended angular spectrum method (Shift-BEASM).
    • Extension of effective bandwidth using the nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT).
    • Theoretical formulation and numerical validation of the proposed method.

    Main Results:

    • Shift-BEASM accurately calculates off-axis diffraction between parallel planes.
    • The method demonstrates superior accuracy compared to shifted-Fresnel and shifted band-limited angular spectrum methods.
    • High accuracy is achieved in both near-field and far-field propagation scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • Shift-BEASM provides a robust and accurate solution for off-axis numerical propagation.
    • The technique is effective for simulating non-paraxial and large-scale fields across wide propagation ranges.
    • Validated theoretical formulation and numerical examples confirm the method's efficacy.