Deep anomaly detection of seizures with paired stereoelectroencephalography and video recordings

Real-time seizure detection is a resource intensive process as it requires continuous monitoring of patients on stereoelectroencephalography. This study improves real-time seizure detection in drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients by developing patient-specific deep learning models that utilize a novel self-supervised dynamic thresholding approach. Deep neural networks were constructed on over 2000 h of high-resolution, multichannel SEEG and video recordings from 14 DRE patients. Consensus labels from a panel of epileptologists were used to evaluate model efficacy. Self-supervised dynamic thresholding exhibited improvements in positive predictive value (PPV; difference: 39.0%; 95% CI 4.5-73.5%; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; N = 14; p = 0.03) with similar sensitivity (difference: 14.3%; 95% CI - 21.7 to 50.3%; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; N = 14; p = 0.42) compared to static thresholds. In some models, training on as little as 10 min of SEEG data yielded robust detection. Cross-testing experiments reduced PPV (difference: 56.5%; 95% CI 25.8-87.3%; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; N = 14; p = 0.002), while multimodal detection significantly improved sensitivity (difference: 25.0%; 95% CI 0.2-49.9%; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; N = 14; p < 0.05). Self-supervised dynamic thresholding improved the efficacy of real-time seizure predictions. Multimodal models demonstrated potential to improve detection. These findings are promising for future deployment in epilepsy monitoring units to enable real-time seizure detection without annotated data and only minimal training time in individual patients.