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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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Liver Histology01:27

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan01:25

Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan

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Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS):
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Application of the En Bloc Concept Combined with Anatomic Resection in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy
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Undiagnosed liver diseases.

Emily Gao1, Julian Hercun2, Theo Heller2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|April 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing difficult liver diseases is crucial as chronic liver disease burdens increase globally. This framework aids in identifying undiagnosed conditions, including novel liver diseases and those linked to systemic illness.

Keywords:
Idiopathic liver diseasecryptogenic cirrhosis (CC)unmet medical need

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Internal Medicine
  • Diagnostic Challenges in Liver Disease

Background:

  • Chronic liver disease landscape transformed by antiviral therapies and metabolic syndrome, notably non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the global burden of chronic liver disease continues to rise.
  • Accurate diagnosis is the foundational step in managing any disease, including complex liver conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address liver diseases that evade standard diagnostic work-ups.
  • To provide a structured approach for identifying undiagnosed liver conditions, including novel and systemically linked hepatic diseases.
  • To highlight overlooked diagnostic patterns in challenging liver disease cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of diagnostic challenges in hepatology.
  • Development of a conceptual framework for approaching undiagnosed liver diseases.
  • Analysis of cases where hepatic manifestations indicate unrecognized systemic diseases or novel pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Identified categories of undiagnosed liver diseases: those difficult to diagnose, those linked to unrecognized systemic diseases, and novel or uncharacterized liver diseases.
  • Highlighted the limitations of standard hepatic diagnostic evaluations for certain complex conditions.
  • Emphasized the importance of recognizing subtle or atypical patterns of liver disease.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic framework is essential for diagnosing liver diseases that elude conventional methods.
  • Increased recognition of systemic disease manifestations and novel liver pathologies is critical.
  • Improved diagnostic strategies are needed to manage the growing global burden of undiagnosed chronic liver disease.