Uterine synechiae after intrauterine device use: a case series

The intrauterine device (IUD) is one of the most effective and safe contraceptive methods. Substantial literature suggests an overall return to normal fertility following IUD removal. However, there are no studies to date that evaluate endometrial function specifically in nulliparous women after levonorgestrel IUD use.

We present three nulliparous women with a history of levonorgestrel IUD use who were evaluated for uterine dysfunction at the University of California, San Francisco Center for Reproductive Health. These patients had no other known risk factors or history of uterine manipulation, including prior uterine surgery, pelvic radiation, intrauterine infection, hypothalamic amenorrhea, or uterine anomaly.

Upon evaluation, these patients were found to have uterine synechiae concerning for Asherman syndrome. All three patients were eventually able to conceive through assisted reproductive technology or natural conception.

This case series is the first to suggest a possible effect of endometrial dysfunction on fertility resumption following levonorgestrel IUD removal in nulliparous patients. It is possible that a small subset of patients may be at risk for Asherman syndrome after IUD use. Larger prospective trials are needed to explore this possible association.