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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

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Published on: December 13, 2016

Single-Domain Multiferroic Array-Addressable Terfenol-D (SMArT) Micromagnets for Programmable Single-Cell Capture and

Reem Khojah¹, Zhuyun Xiao², Mohanchandra K Panduranga³

¹Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|April 8, 2021

Summary

Researchers developed novel multiferroic micromagnets for precise single-cell manipulation. These electronically controlled devices enable automated cell sorting and release without external magnetic fields, advancing biotechnology applications.

Keywords:

Terfenol-D magnetoelastic materials multiferroics single-cell separation single-domain materials

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Last Updated: Nov 9, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biotechnology
Nanotechnology

Background:

Microscale magnetic field control is crucial for single-cell automation.
Traditional magnetic materials lack precise, dynamic field modulation at the microscale.
Magnetostrictive materials coupled with ferroelectrics offer voltage-controlled magnetization reorientation.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate large single-domain microstructures of Terfenol-D for microscale magnetic applications.
To achieve precise control and manipulation of magnetic beads and magnetically labeled cells.
To develop a multiferroic approach for electronically controlled single-cell release and sorting.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of large single-domain microstructures (20 µm) of Terfenol-D (Tb0.3 Dy0.7 Fe1.92).
Utilizing strain-mediated converse magnetoelectric effect for magnetization switching via voltage.
Employing generated field gradients for magnetic bead and cell localization and release.

Main Results:

Demonstrated precise localization of magnetic beads with sub-micrometer accuracy.
Achieved capture of magnetically labeled cells without external magnetic fields.
Successfully released individual cells by switching microstructure magnetic states using voltage.

Conclusions:

Electronically addressable micromagnets enable precise, non-invasive cell manipulation.
Multiferroic approach facilitates digital control for parallelized single-cell sorting.
This technology holds significant potential for advanced biotechnology and cell sorting applications.