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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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The Single Leg Squat Test: A "Top-Down" or "Bottom-Up" Functional Performance Test?

Lindsay A Carroll1, Benjamin R Kivlan1, RobRoy L Martin2

  • 1Duquesne University.

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
|April 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Medial knee deviation during the single leg squat test (SLST) is not linked to ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) or foot posture in healthy young adults. This suggests SLST results primarily reflect proximal joint function, not foot and ankle limitations.

Keywords:
anklefoot posturefunctional performance testlower extremitymovement system

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Kinesiology
  • Clinical Assessment

Background:

  • Medial knee deviation (MKD) in the single leg squat test (SLST) is common, often attributed to proximal muscle issues.
  • Previous research on MKD and the foot/ankle complex shows conflicting results, complicating clinical interpretation of the SLST.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and foot posture between individuals who pass and fail the SLST for MKD.
  • To investigate the relationship between MKD during the SLST and ankle/foot biomechanics in healthy adults.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 65 healthy, active volunteers.
  • Participants were categorized into 'pass' or 'fail' groups based on visual assessment of MKD during the SLST.
  • Ankle dorsiflexion ROM (non-weight bearing and weight bearing) and Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) scores were measured.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences were found in FPI-6 scores between the pass (n=33) and fail (n=32) groups.
  • No significant differences were observed in any measures of ankle dorsiflexion ROM between the groups.
  • Groups were comparable in age, sex, BMI, and activity level.

Conclusions:

  • Failure to pass the SLST for MKD is not associated with limitations in active ankle dorsiflexion ROM or altered foot posture in young, healthy individuals.
  • Clinicians can confidently use the SLST to evaluate trunk, hip, and knee neuromuscular function, as foot/ankle factors do not appear to influence outcomes.