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Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

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The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Aneurysm management involves either conservative medical therapy or surgical intervention, depending on the size and symptoms of the aneurysm. Conservative management is generally reserved for smaller, asymptomatic aneurysms, while larger or symptomatic aneurysms often necessitate surgical repair.Conservative Medical TherapyFor small, asymptomatic aneurysms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) less than 5.5 centimeters in diameter, conservative medical therapy is recommended. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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[An update on giant cell arteritis].

Verónica Wolff C1, Paola Paolinelli G2, David Ladrón De Guevara H2

  • 1Departamento de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Reumatología, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.

Revista Medica De Chile
|April 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a vasculitis affecting those over 50. Advanced imaging aids diagnosis of GCA, improving early detection and treatment to prevent severe complications.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting large arteries, primarily in individuals over 50.
  • It presents with cranial and/or extracranial manifestations, sometimes overlapping with polymyalgia rheumatica.
  • Complications include ischemia and aortic aneurysms, necessitating prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse clinical presentations of Giant cell arteritis.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic challenges posed by variable biopsy sensitivity and oligosymptomatic forms.
  • To highlight the role of advanced imaging in improving early GCA detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and pathological diagnostic criteria for GCA.

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  • Discussion of imaging modalities including ultrasonography, CTA, MRA, and PET-CT.
  • Overview of current treatment strategies involving corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.

    • Main Results:

    • Temporal artery biopsy, the traditional gold standard, has variable sensitivity, potentially leading to underdiagnosis.
    • Emerging imaging techniques significantly enhance the diagnosis of subclinical and oligosymptomatic GCA.
    • These imaging tools are complementary and highly recommended for comprehensive GCA assessment.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinicians must recognize all GCA presentations for timely intervention.
    • Advanced imaging plays a crucial role in overcoming diagnostic limitations of biopsy.
    • Effective management of GCA involves appropriate medical therapy and clinical monitoring.