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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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The Human Islet: Mini-Organ With Mega-Impact.

John T Walker1, Diane C Saunders2, Marcela Brissova1

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Endocrine Reviews
|April 12, 2021
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This review explores human pancreatic islets, detailing their structure, function, and changes in conditions like pregnancy and diabetes. It highlights new research and future interventions for islet health.

Keywords:
diabetesglucagonglucoseinsulinisletα cellβ cell

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Human pancreatic islets are crucial for metabolic regulation.
  • Understanding islet structure, function, and development is key to metabolic health.
  • Islet dysfunction is central to diabetes pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of human pancreatic islet research.
  • To discuss advancements in studying islet physiology and pathophysiology.
  • To outline therapeutic strategies for protecting, restoring, or replacing islets.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of islet research.
  • Description of novel research approaches and technologies.
  • Analysis of islet adaptations in various physiological and pathological states.

Main Results:

  • Human islets undergo significant changes during pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance.
  • Islet alterations are evident across diverse forms of human diabetes.
  • New technologies offer deeper insights into islet biology.

Conclusions:

  • Continued research into human islets is essential for understanding and treating metabolic diseases.
  • Future interventions aim to preserve or regenerate islet function.
  • Unresolved questions remain regarding human islet biology and disease.