Trade openness and CO2 emanations: a heterogeneous analysis on the developing eight (D8) countries

The focus of this exploration was to examine the linkage between trade openness and CO2 effusions in the developing eight (D8) countries. An unbalanced panel dataset spanning the period 1990 to 2016 was employed for the study's analysis. From the results, the studied panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally correlated. Also, all the series gained stationarity after first difference and were materially cointegrated in the long run. The elastic effects of the input variables on the output variable were explored through the DCCEMG estimator, with the support of the AMG and the CCEMG estimators. From the results, trade openness increased CO2 emanations in the D8. Also, economic growth, energy consumption, and financial development promoted CO2 secretions in the nations; however, foreign direct investments mitigated the excretion of CO2 in the countries. On the causal connections amid the series, there was a bidirectional causality between trade openness and CO2 emanations. Also, a one-way causal movement from energy consumption, foreign direct investments, and financial development to CO2 effluents was discovered. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that effective trade policies that could enhance the transfer of cleaner technologies to the countries should be formulated.