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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains
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Exploring variability in lithic armature discard in the archaeological record.

Claudine Gravel-Miguel1, John K Murray2, Benjamin J Schoville3

  • 1Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Journal of Human Evolution
|April 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The invention of projectile technology is key to human evolution. This study uses a model to show that most stone points were lost during hunting, not discarded at camps, suggesting rare finds indicate widespread use.

Keywords:
Agent-based modelHunter-gatherersMiddle Stone AgePaleoscape modelProjectile armaturesSouth Africa

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeology
  • Paleoanthropology
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Projectile technology significantly impacted hominin evolution.
  • Fluctuations in stone point assemblages complicate understanding the adoption and evolution of projectile use.

Observation:

  • An agent-based model simulated hunter-gatherer foraging systems to analyze lithic armature distribution.
  • Simulations explored human behavior, environmental constraints, population size, hunting rates, and tool curation.

Findings:

  • Most projectile armatures are lost at hunting sites, with only ~4.5% discarded at habitation camps.
  • Rarely found armatures in Early and Middle Stone Age sites may indicate established projectile tool use.

Implications:

  • Lithic armature counts in assemblages are influenced by site reoccupation, population, hunting rates, and curation.
  • Archaeological interpretations of armature counts must consider demographic and environmental contexts to understand hunting behavior changes.