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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Polymers02:34

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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    Area of Science:

    • Polymer Science
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Porosity in polymers offers tailored characteristics like improved mass transfer and separation properties.
    • Applications span catalysis, separation, synthesis, adsorption, sensing, and biomedical devices.
    • Controlled morphology (pore size, shape, interconnectivity, distribution) is key for advanced polymer materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the creation of polymers with controlled multi-level porosity.
    • To investigate methods for achieving bimodal or hierarchical pore distributions.
    • To highlight the application potential of hierarchically porous polymers.

    Main Methods:

    • Emulsion templating for creating micrometer-level interconnected spherical pores.
    • Post-polymerization crosslinking for introducing microporosity.
    • Combined techniques to achieve multi-level and hierarchical pore structures.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated successful preparation of polymers with controlled pore structures.
    • Achieved hierarchical porosity by combining emulsion templating and crosslinking.
    • Materials exhibit potential for diverse applications requiring multi-scale porosity.

    Conclusions:

    • Hierarchically porous polymers offer significant application potential due to their multi-level pore characteristics.
    • The combined templating and crosslinking approach is effective for creating advanced porous polymer materials.
    • Controlled porosity is crucial for enhancing polymer functionality in various scientific and technological fields.