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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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From Chaos to Control: Programmable Crack Patterning with Molecular Order in Polymer Substrates.

Hyun Kim1,2, Mustafa K Abdelrahman2,3, Joonmyung Choi4,5

  • 1Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|April 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel method to program crack patterns on polymer surfaces using liquid crystal polymer networks (LCNs). This technique enables precise control over crack features for advanced micro- and nanoscale fabrication of electronic devices.

Keywords:
crack-assisted fabricationcrack-lithographyliquid crystal polymer networkspatterningunconventional fabrication

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Cracks are usually seen as material failure, but can create patterns on surfaces like animal skin.
  • Surface patterning is vital for micro- and nanoscale fabrication in synthetic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a strategy for programmable crack patterning on polymer surfaces.
  • To utilize these patterned cracks for patterning other materials, enabling new device architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Deposition of thin film metal on a liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) causes cracks to form.
  • Cracks follow the spatially patterned molecular order of the LCN, allowing programmable patterns.
  • Achieved sub-micrometer scale cracks with high order parameter over centimeter-scale areas on flexible substrates.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated programmable crack patterns including corners, spirals, and radial formations.
  • Filled cracks with conductive inks to create flexible, anisotropic, and transparent conductors.
  • Achieved precise control over crack orientation, length, width, and depth without lithography.

Conclusions:

  • This materials-based approach offers unprecedented control over crack formation for micro- and nanoscale patterning.
  • The method enables the creation of novel architectures for electronics, sensors, fluidics, and optics.
  • Promises a cost-effective alternative to lithography for advanced device fabrication.