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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
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COVID-19: A Mitochondrial Perspective.

Pankaj Prasun1

  • 1Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

DNA and Cell Biology
|April 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria play a key role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and inflammation. Understanding mitochondrial dysfunction may reveal why patients with obesity or diabetes have poorer COVID-19 outcomes, aiding new treatments.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoVcoronavirusinterferonmitochondriaoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents a significant global health challenge.
  • While understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis has advanced, critical knowledge gaps persist.
  • Mitochondria are implicated in innate antiviral immunity and inflammation, suggesting a role in COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 through a mitochondrial lens.
  • To explore the reasons behind severe COVID-19 outcomes in individuals with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • This article provides a review and examination of existing research.
  • It synthesizes current knowledge on mitochondrial function in the context of viral infections and metabolic disorders.
  • The study focuses on a theoretical and analytical approach to understanding disease mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is proposed as a central factor in COVID-19 severity.
  • The article links mitochondrial roles in immunity and inflammation to poor prognosis in comorbid patients.
  • Specific mechanisms connecting metabolic conditions to mitochondrial damage in COVID-19 are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria are critical players in COVID-19 pathogenesis, influencing both immunity and inflammation.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction may explain the heightened risk and severity of COVID-19 in individuals with metabolic conditions.
  • Further research into mitochondrial pathways offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.