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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.0K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
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Aqueous Phase Behavior of a NaLAS-Polycarboxylate Polymer System.

Mariam Hussain1, Mamatha Nagaraj2, Olivier J Cayre1

  • 1School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|April 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how polycarboxylate polymers affect linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (NaLAS) surfactant systems. Adding polymers alters phase behavior and increases multilamellar vesicle (MLV) size, likely due to depletion flocculation.

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Aqueous surfactant-polymer systems are crucial in detergent formulations.
  • The behavior of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (NaLAS) and polycarboxylate systems without added electrolytes is not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase behavior of aqueous NaLAS-polycarboxylate systems at 50 °C.
  • To characterize the structural changes and vesicle formation in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Polarized light microscopy
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
  • Centrifugation
  • 2H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Main Results:

  • A phase diagram was constructed for NaLAS and polycarboxylate concentrations.
  • Addition of polycarboxylate induced new phases, including polymer-rich and additional lamellar phases.
  • Lamellar phases formed colloidal multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) with sizes increasing from ~200 nm to ~500 nm with higher polymer concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Depletion flocculation and salting-out effects drive the observed phase transitions.
  • Polymer addition promotes MLV fusion, leading to increased vesicle size.