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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

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Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging
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Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

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Human hematopoietic microenvironments.

Helene Bjoerg Kristensen1,2,3, Thomas Levin Andersen1,2,3,4, Andrea Patriarca5

  • 1Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.

Plos One
|April 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers characterized the human bone marrow microenvironment for hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Stem cell niches are rich in sinusoids and megakaryocytes, while progenitor niches contain more capillaries and arteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Microenvironment Research

Background:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) dormancy and progenitor formation are regulated by the bone marrow microenvironment.
  • Knowledge of human HSC and progenitor microenvironments lags behind murine models.
  • Understanding these niches is crucial for hematopoiesis research and treating bone marrow malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the human hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor microenvironment.
  • To identify specific niche components associated with HSCs and progenitors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three adjacent human bone marrow sections from healthy volunteers.
  • Identified CD34+/CD38- HSCs/multipotent progenitors and CD34+/CD38+ progenitors via immunofluorescence and morphology.
  • Performed non-computer-assisted quantification of nine bone marrow components around HSCs, progenitors, and random cells using CD34/CD56 and CD34/SMA immunostaining.

Main Results:

  • The HSC microenvironment showed significant enrichment in sinusoids and megakaryocytes.
  • The progenitor microenvironment was significantly enriched in capillaries, other progenitors, bone surfaces, and arteries.
  • Distinct niche compositions were identified for HSCs and progenitors.

Conclusions:

  • Human HSCs and progenitors reside in distinct microenvironmental niches.
  • Sinusoids and megakaryocytes characterize the HSC niche.
  • Capillaries, arteries, bone surfaces, and other progenitors define the progenitor niche.