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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Young infants process prediction errors at the theta rhythm.

Moritz Köster¹, Miriam Langeloh², Christine Michel³

¹Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

|April 20, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nine-month-old infants

Keywords:

Electroencephalography Infant cognition Predictive processing Theta rhythm Violation of expectation

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Last Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

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Published on: July 1, 2015

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Published on: April 9, 2014

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

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Published on: March 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental neuroscience
Cognitive development
Infant brain activity

Background:

Understanding infant cognition relies on studying responses to unexpected events.
Predictive processing theories highlight the importance of prediction errors in learning.
Infant prediction error processing is crucial for refining environmental expectations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate infant brain responses to prediction errors.
To explore the role of the theta rhythm in processing unexpected events in 9-month-olds.

Main Methods:

Electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from 36 nine-month-old infants.
Presentation of physical and social events with expected and unexpected outcomes.
Analysis of ongoing theta rhythm (4-5 Hz) and negative central (Nc) component.

Main Results:

A significant, prolonged theta rhythm response (4-5 Hz) to unexpected events was observed across all electrodes.
This theta rhythm response was distinct from the negative central (Nc) component activity.
The findings indicate theta rhythm's involvement in processing prediction errors in early development.

Conclusions:

The theta rhythm plays a crucial role in processing prediction errors in the infant brain.
This suggests theta rhythm supports the development of fundamental physical and social concepts.
Early prediction error processing via theta rhythm is vital for infant learning and development.