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Related Concept Videos

False Memories01:18

False Memories

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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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False recognitions in short-term memory - Age-differences in neural activity.

B Sikora-Wachowicz1, A Keresztes2, M Werkle-Bergner3

  • 1Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.

Brain and Cognition
|April 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults show higher confidence in false visual short-term memory (STM) recognitions but not more errors. Neural activity in younger adults, not older adults, reveals differences in frontal brain regions during false recognitions.

Keywords:
Age-related differencesConfidence judgementsFalse recognitionsMonitoringNeural correlatesVisual short-term memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Human Aging Research

Background:

  • Episodic memory research extensively documents age-related differences in false memory susceptibility.
  • Little is known about age effects on false memories within visual short-term memory (STM).
  • Previous behavioral findings indicated older adults are more confident in, but not necessarily more prone to, erroneous STM recognitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of age-related differences in visual short-term memory (STM) false recognitions.
  • To compare brain activity patterns between younger and older adults during tasks involving false recognitions in STM.
  • To explore the relationship between frontal activity, performance, and metacognitive abilities in age-related STM false recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to measure brain activity.
  • Participants performed a visual short-term memory recognition task designed to elicit false recognitions.
  • Behavioral data on recognition accuracy and confidence ratings were collected and analyzed alongside fMRI data.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral results replicated previous findings: older adults were more confident in false recognitions than younger adults, with no significant age difference in false alarm rates.
  • Younger adults exhibited greater activation in visual cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), frontal operculum/insular cortex, and prefrontal cortex regions during false recognitions compared to older adults.
  • No age differences in hippocampal activity were found. Younger adults, unlike older adults, showed increased ACC and frontal operculum/insular cortex activity for false recognitions versus confident correct rejections. Frontal activity correlated with performance and metacognition.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related differences in confidence for STM false recognitions may stem from distinct age-related processes in performance monitoring and uncertainty processing.
  • These findings suggest that the neural basis of confidence in STM false recognition differs between younger and older adults.
  • The results highlight that age-related changes in memory confidence are not solely dependent on hippocampal function but involve broader frontal executive control networks.