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Related Concept Videos

iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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G1-phase progression in pluripotent stem cells.

Menno Ter Huurne1,2, Hendrik G Stunnenberg3,4

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|April 22, 2021
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Cell cycle regulators control embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Proteins promoting cell cycle progression inhibit differentiation, while those promoting differentiation inhibit cell cycle progression.

Keywords:
Cell CycleEmbryonic stem cellsG1-phasePluripotency

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Early embryonic development involves rapid cell proliferation and precise gene expression.
  • Cell cycle progression and pluripotency maintenance in embryonic stem cells are mechanistically linked.
  • Proteins regulating the cell cycle influence stem cell differentiation and pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in both pluripotency maintenance and cell cycle progression.
  • To describe the mechanisms of action for these key regulators.
  • To discuss their roles in various states of mouse pluripotency and their impact on lineage specification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on embryonic stem cell biology.
  • Analysis of transcription factors and signaling pathways.
  • Examination of molecular networks controlling pluripotency and differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Identified key regulators linking cell cycle progression and pluripotency.
  • Described mechanisms by which cell cycle regulators influence pluripotency.
  • Highlighted the role of these regulators in different pluripotency states and lineage decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Cell cycle regulators are critical for maintaining embryonic stem cell pluripotency.
  • The interplay between cell cycle progression and pluripotency is essential for proper embryonic development.
  • Understanding these molecular networks informs stem cell biology and developmental processes.