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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Field-Free Deterministic Magnetization Switching Induced by Interlaced Spin-Orbit Torques.

Min Wang1, Zhaohao Wang1, Chao Wang2

  • 1Fert Beijing Research Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

We introduce a new field-free switching method for spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random access memory using sequential currents. This approach offers bipolar switching and is validated by simulations for future digital logic applications.

Keywords:
Dzyaloshinskii−Moriya interactiondomain-wall motionfield-free switchingmicromagnetic simulationspin−orbit torque

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Non-volatile memory technologies
  • Advanced materials science

Background:

  • Spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random access memory (MRAM) offers high speed and low power consumption.
  • Field-free switching is crucial for advancing SOT device applications.
  • Current methods often require complex manufacturing or additional physical effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel, field-free deterministic magnetization switching scheme for SOT devices.
  • To simplify the manufacturing process and reduce reliance on additional physical effects.
  • To explore the potential for novel digital logic and computing-in-memory platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized sequential current pulses through interlaced paths in a magnetic tunnel junction.
  • Performed macrospin and micromagnetic simulations to validate the switching scheme.
  • Investigated the impact of field-like torque and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a bipolar magnetization switching scheme independent of external magnetic fields.
  • Validated the functionality and robustness of the proposed switching method.
  • Confirmed good scalability of the proposed scheme for practical applications.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed sequential current scheme provides an efficient and robust field-free switching mechanism for SOT-MRAM.
  • This method simplifies fabrication and is compatible with existing magnetic tunnel junction structures.
  • The technology holds promise for next-generation digital logic and in-memory computing.