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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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Whole Body Regeneration01:33

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Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential;...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo
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Gastruloids generated without exogenous Wnt activation develop anterior neural tissues.

Mehmet U Girgin1, Nicolas Broguiere1, Lorenzo Mattolini1

  • 1Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Stem Cell Reports
|April 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to create gastruloids, which are embryo-like structures derived from mouse stem cells. These improved gastruloids show more complete development, including anterior neural tissues, offering a novel in vitro model for studying early mouse development.

Keywords:
axial patterningembryo developmentembryoidsembryonic stem cellsgastrulationgastruloidsorganoidsself-organizationsymmetry breakingtrophoblast stem cells

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A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can form gastruloids mimicking early embryonic development.
  • Current gastruloids lack complete antero-posterior patterning, missing anterior brain regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an improved method for generating gastruloids with complete antero-posterior development.
  • To investigate the formation of anterior neural tissues in vitro.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hydrogel microwell arrays for scalable derivation of mouse ESCs into epiblast-like (EPI) aggregates.
  • EPI aggregates were induced to break symmetry and elongate axially without external WNT stimulation.
  • Manipulated WNT signaling pathways during early development.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated EPI aggregates in a reproducible and scalable manner.
  • Achieved axial elongation and symmetry breaking in EPI aggregates without chemical induction.
  • Inhibition of WNT signaling resulted in gastruloids with anterior neural tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a novel hydrogel microwell-based method for generating advanced gastruloids.
  • Demonstrated the in vitro formation of anterior neural tissues in gastruloids.
  • Provides a new platform for studying post-implantation mouse development, particularly anterior neural patterning.