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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
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Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

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Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
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Intellectual Disability01:29

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Systematic Review: Nonverbal Learning Disability.

Prudence W Fisher1, Jazmin A Reyes-Portillo2, Mark A Riddle3

  • 1Drs. Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, and Litwin are with New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|April 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Research on nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) shows varied definitions but consistent differentiation from typical development and other conditions. Standardized criteria are needed for diagnosis and inclusion in major classifications.

Keywords:
NVLDnonverbal learning disabilitysystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition.
  • Existing research lacks standardized diagnostic criteria, leading to heterogeneity in studies.
  • Understanding NVLD's distinct characteristics is crucial for accurate diagnosis and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current research on NVLD, focusing on diagnostic criteria and study quality.
  • To assess how NVLD differs from neurodevelopmental disorders listed in the DSM and typical development.
  • To identify gaps in the literature and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across seven databases up to February 2019.
  • Studies were screened for inclusion, and criteria for defining NVLD were extracted and categorized.
  • Research quality was assessed using a risk of bias evaluation, with findings from 'good' or 'fair' studies summarized.

Main Results:

  • Sixty-one articles (63 studies) met the inclusion criteria, revealing significant heterogeneity in NVLD definitions.
  • Visuospatial deficits were the most common diagnostic criterion, followed by verbal-nonverbal intelligence discrepancies.
  • Evidence suggests NVLD can be differentiated from typically developing individuals, verbal learning disorders, and other clinical groups like high-functioning autism.

Conclusions:

  • A standardized set of criteria for NVLD diagnosis is essential.
  • Establishing clear diagnostic criteria would enhance research quality and facilitate inclusion in the DSM and ICD.
  • Further research with standardized definitions is needed to advance the understanding and clinical recognition of NVLD.