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Related Experiment Videos

Attention, rehearsal, and memory for serial order.

G R Kidd1, A G Greenwald

  • 1Indiana University.

The American Journal of Psychology
|January 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Repetition effects in immediate memory depend on covert rehearsal of full sequences. Unattended stimuli or partial recall tasks do not produce these memory gains.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • Repetition effects enhance immediate memory performance for familiar stimuli.
  • The role of covert rehearsal in encoding event order remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions under which repetition effects occur in immediate memory.
  • To determine if covert rehearsal of full sequence order is necessary for repetition effects.
  • To examine the impact of attention and task demands on memory encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments using binaural presentation of nine-digit sequences in different voices.
  • Varying exposure conditions: full sequence reproduction, partial subsequence recall, unattended presentations, and attention to digits or digit order.
  • Measuring immediate memory performance for repeated vs. novel sequences.

Main Results:

  • Substantial repetition effects were observed when full sequences were reproduced or when two-digit subsequences were recalled.
  • No repetition effects were found for unattended sequences or when attention was directed to individual digits or digit order without full sequence rehearsal.
  • Experiments demonstrated sufficient power to detect small effects, strengthening the negative findings.

Conclusions:

  • Repetition effects on immediate memory are contingent upon procedures encouraging covert rehearsal of full-sequence order.
  • Findings challenge the notion that event order is automatically encoded for all attended events.
  • Previous conclusions about the automatic encoding of event order and the ineffectiveness of unattended exposures require further qualification.

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