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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Venous Malformation

A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Venous Malformation

Published on: June 15, 2020

Verrucous Venous Malformation-Subcutaneous Variant.

Birgitta A R Schmidt¹, Sophie El Zein², Javier Cuoto³

¹Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

The American Journal of Dermatopathology

|April 26, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Verrucous venous malformation (VVM) can occur solely in the hypodermis, presenting diagnostic challenges due to the absence of skin changes. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis aid in accurate VVM diagnosis in this rare presentation.

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Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Vascular Malformations
Dermatopathology
Pediatric Surgery

Background:

Verrucous venous malformation (VVM), formerly verrucous hemangioma, typically affects the dermis and subcutaneous fat.
This study focuses on VVM cases exclusively confined to the hypodermis.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the clinicopathologic features of VVM presenting solely in the hypodermis.
To highlight diagnostic challenges and methods for VVM in this uncommon location.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 13 pediatric patients (aged 2-17 years) with subcutaneous VVM over a 20-year period.
Histopathological examination of excised subcutaneous masses.
Immunohistochemical staining for GLUT-1, D2-40, and Prox-1.
Droplet digital PCR for MAP3K3 mutation analysis.

Main Results:

Histopathology revealed blood-filled channels resembling capillaries and veins infiltrating adipose tissue, forming nodules with fibrosis and large, radially oriented vessels.
Immunohistochemistry showed endothelial positivity for GLUT-1 (16/16), D2-40 (14/15), and Prox-1 (14/16).
A MAP3K3 mutation was detected in 3 of 6 specimens.

Conclusions:

Subcutaneous VVM without epidermal or dermal involvement presents diagnostic difficulties.
Imaging findings are often non-specific, and differential diagnoses are numerous.
Immunohistochemistry (GLUT-1, D2-40, Prox-1) and molecular analysis (MAP3K3 mutation) are crucial for accurate diagnosis.