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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

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Published on: August 12, 2021

A learning robot for cognitive camera control in minimally invasive surgery.

Martin Wagner¹, Andreas Bihlmaier², Hannes Götz Kenngott¹

¹Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.

Surgical Endoscopy

|April 27, 2021

Summary

This study introduces the first autonomous surgical camera robot that learns and adapts to surgical procedures. The robot demonstrated improved efficiency and camera guidance quality with increased experience.

Keywords:

Artificial intelligence Cognitive surgical robotics Colorectal surgery Machine learning Surgical data science

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Last Updated: Nov 8, 2025

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Surgical Technology
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Current surgical robots are primarily telemanipulators lacking autonomous capabilities.
Existing autonomous camera guidance systems follow basic rules without adapting to specific surgical contexts or surgeon preferences.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate the first self-learning, context-sensitive, autonomous camera-guiding robot for minimally invasive surgery.
To enable robots to perceive, interpret, and act within the surgical environment based on a knowledge base.

Main Methods:

A cognitive robotic camera control system was trained on data from manual camera guidance.
The system utilized a VIKY EP and KUKA LWR 4 robot, with iterative retraining using data from different training stages.
Experimental evaluation focused on the robot's performance after training on manual guidance data.

Main Results:

Surgical operation duration decreased significantly with the robot's increasing experience (from 1704s ± 244s to 1197s).
Camera guidance quality improved, with 'good' ratings increasing from 38.6% to 56.2% and 'poor' ratings decreasing from 7.9% to 2.8%.

Conclusions:

The cognitive camera robot demonstrated performance improvement through experience.
This work establishes a foundation for advanced cognitive surgical robots capable of adapting to individual surgeon needs.