Examining joint parent-child interactions involving infants and toddlers when introducing mobile technology

Research suggests that parents play a critical role in introducing technology to their young children and that parent-child joint engagement with technology can improve learning and social outcomes. The present mixed-methods study extends the current literature by directly observing the interactions of 30 parents with their infant or toddler child (ages 12-24 months) while introducing and engaging with familiar and novel mobile technologies. Qualitative analysis of observations yielded five overarching themes that described key content of parent-child interactions. Subthemes further clarified the types of verbal interactions of the child and of the parent, as well as issues of control over the device, activities and selection choices, skill needs/supports, and interest in the interactions. Developmental milestones and parental surveys contributed to the understanding of developmental change and family media use. Familiarity with the device influenced frequencies of identified themes with greater likelihood for fewer interactions, scaffolds and more passive screen activities with familiar technology. More varied verbal scaffolding was related to higher developmental scores. Physical scaffolding was provided infrequently, despite limited skill in the children. Counter to parental expectations, initiating and sustaining interest even for a short period of time was challenging in some cases. Outcomes suggest that parents engage in a wide array of relevant scaffolds with variability across individuals and child age. Overall, the study provides a rich and complex description of interactions and behaviors when parents introduce mobile devices to their infants and toddlers.