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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

269
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
269
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

563
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
672
Impression Management Techniques III: Aligning Actions01:29

Impression Management Techniques III: Aligning Actions

42
Aligning actions are communicative strategies individuals employ to maintain social harmony and preserve personal identity in the face of potential disruptions to social norms. These actions are particularly important in managing social impressions when one's behavior might be seen as inappropriate, incompetent, or morally questionable.Types of Aligning ActionsThe three principal types of aligning actions are disclaimers, accounts, and apologies.DisclaimersDisclaimers are preventive; they are...
42
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

812
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
812
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

791
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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From "learning from the field" to jointly driving change.

Joshua Galjour1,2, Thomas Schwarz3, Itai Rusike4

  • 1Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. Joshua.Galjour@etu.unige.ch.

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Language in public health matters. Examining the term "the field" reveals how word choice impacts power dynamics and health equity. Recommendations aim to correct imbalances between health authorities and communities.

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Civil societyFieldHealth policyParticipatory researchPrimary health careSocial accountability

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Communication
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • The 8th Geneva Health Forum (GHF) focused on improving health access by learning from 'the field'.
  • The term 'the field' often refers to patients, communities, and healthcare workers.
  • A working group was formed to critically examine the use and implications of the term 'the field'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the power dynamics inherent in language used in public health.
  • To explore how specific terminology can affect participation and rights.
  • To propose strategies for more equitable health outcomes through improved communication.

Main Methods:

  • Critical discourse analysis of terminology used in public health.
  • Examination of case studies from global, regional, and national levels.
  • Development of recommendations based on working group discussions.

Main Results:

  • Language in public health is a form of power that can create or mitigate inequities.
  • Existing jargon and terminology may not adequately represent or empower all stakeholders.
  • Case studies demonstrate the potential for inclusive language to foster greater participation.

Conclusions:

  • Revising language and challenging jargon is crucial for improving health access and equity.
  • Addressing power imbalances requires conscious efforts in communication between health authorities and the public.
  • Concrete recommendations are offered to promote more equitable health governance and practice.