Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.9K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.2K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.2K
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

11.1K
The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
11.1K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.6K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.6K
Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes

4.6K
The Diels–Alder reaction brings together a diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Both components have unique characteristics that influence the rate of the reaction.
Characteristics of the diene
Conformation
The simplest example of a diene is 1,3-butadiene, an acyclic conjugated π system. At room temperature, the molecule exists as a mixture of s-cis and s-trans conformers by virtue of rotation around the carbon–carbon single bond. Although the s-trans isomer is more stable,...
4.6K
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

6.1K
Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
6.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Temperature and developmental stage govern intestinal susceptibility to human coronavirus 229E.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Advances in Cytotoxicity Testing: From In Vitro Assays to In Silico Models.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

Molecular Targets in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Narrative Review of Progress and Pitfalls.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on the morphology, intracellular calcium concentration, free radical generation, apoptosis and necrosis of human mesenchymal stem cells-an in vitro study.

Lasers in medical science·2024
Same author

Prenatal karyotype results from 2169 invasive tests.

Ginekologia polska·2023
Same author

Prenatal Sonographic Features of Rare Chromosome 13 Aberrations.

The application of clinical genetics·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:27

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: December 4, 2016

10.1K

There and back again: a dendrimer's tale.

Barbara Ziemba1, Maciej Borowiec1, Ida Franiak-Pietryga1,2

  • 1Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.

Drug and Chemical Toxicology
|April 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Dendrimers, versatile nanostructures, show promise in medicine due to their unique properties. Understanding their cellular uptake, traffic, and toxicity is crucial for safe and effective biomedical applications.

Keywords:
Dendrimerscellular trafficcellular uptakesignal transduction pathwaystoxicity

More Related Videos

Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation
14:46

Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation

Published on: January 20, 2018

8.0K
Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors
16:19

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Published on: September 10, 2013

12.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:27

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: December 4, 2016

10.1K
Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation
14:46

Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation

Published on: January 20, 2018

8.0K
Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors
16:19

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Published on: September 10, 2013

12.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Nanostructures
  • Nanoparticle Characterization

Background:

  • Dendrimers are extensively studied nanostructures with unique properties making them attractive for medical and pharmaceutical uses.
  • Their controllable internal cavities allow guest molecule encapsulation, and terminal groups enable modifications for targeted delivery.
  • Understanding dendrimer cellular interactions is vital for predicting their behavior and avoiding adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on dendrimer cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and efflux mechanisms.
  • To correlate these mechanisms with specific nanoparticle features and cell types.
  • To review dendrimer-induced toxicity and alterations in cellular signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on dendrimer-cell interactions.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle characteristics influencing cellular uptake.
  • Examination of data on intracellular transport and efflux pathways.
  • Compilation of findings on dendrimer toxicity and signal transduction effects.

Main Results:

  • Dendrimer uptake, traffic, and efflux are dependent on nanoparticle features and cell type.
  • Specific dendrimer properties influence their intracellular journey and potential toxicity.
  • Dendrimers can alter cellular signal transduction pathways, impacting cellular functions.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive understanding of dendrimer cellular mechanisms is essential for their biomedical application.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate dendrimer-cell interactions and optimize their therapeutic potential.
  • Knowledge of toxicity and signaling pathway alterations is critical for safe nanomedicine development.