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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...

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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Recurrent miscarriage: evidence to accelerate action.

Arri Coomarasamy¹, Rima K Dhillon-Smith¹, Argyro Papadopoulou¹

¹Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Lancet (London, England)

|April 29, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recurrent miscarriage care guidelines are now available, recommending essential investigations and treatments for affected couples. These guidelines aim to improve care and reduce uncertainties for women experiencing repeated pregnancy loss.

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Last Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

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Published on: August 4, 2021

Author Spotlight: Advancing Reproductive Immunology with a Protocol for the Quantitative Evaluation of Endometrial Immune Cells

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Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Impact of Immediate Partial Removal of Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes on Fertilization Efficiency and Embryo Quality

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Impact of Immediate Partial Removal of Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes on Fertilization Efficiency and Embryo Quality

Published on: October 18, 2024

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Clinical Practice Guidelines

Background:

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) presents significant uncertainties for women and healthcare providers regarding causes, recurrence risk, investigations, and treatments.
Optimal care pathways for RM are not universally established, leading to inconsistent management.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop evidence-based recommendations for the investigation and management of recurrent miscarriage.
To provide guidance for healthcare policymakers and providers on organizing and delivering optimal care for couples experiencing RM.

Main Methods:

Literature reviews and appraisal of existing guidelines.
A UK-wide consensus conference involving experts and stakeholders in December 2019.
Development of a minimum dataset for investigations and treatments.

Main Results:

Essential investigations include lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, thyroid function tests, and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound.
Key treatments comprise first-trimester progesterone, levothyroxine for subclinical hypothyroidism, and aspirin/heparin for antiphospholipid antibodies.
Recommendations include integrated mental health screening and management of future obstetric risks like preterm birth.

Conclusions:

Individualized care tailored to clinical needs and patient preferences is paramount.
A graded model of care delivery, from online support to consultant-led clinics, is proposed.
Universal availability of recommended investigations and treatments for RM should be prioritized by healthcare systems.