Engineering paper-based visible light-responsive Sn-self doped domed SnO₂ nanotubes for ultrasensitive...

Exploring novel photoactive materials with high photoelectric conversion efficiency plays a crucial role in enhancing the analytical performance of paper-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor. SnO₂, which possesses higher photostability and electron mobility, can be regarded as a promising photoactive material. Herein, paper-based one dimensional (1D) domed SnO₂ nanotubes (NTs) have been developed with the template-consumption strategy. What's more, their growth mechanism has also been proposed based on the controllable experiments. At first, the paper-based 1D ZnO nanorods (NRs) as the typical amphoteric oxide are prepared and serve as the sacrifice templates which can be etched by the generated alkaline environment during the formation of SnO₂. At a certain stage, all the ZnO NRs can be completely etched by controlling the experimental conditions, resulting in the forming of vertically distributed hollow SnO₂ NTs. Furthermore, the Sn self-doping strategy is also proposed to suppress the recombination of charge carriers and broaden the light response range by introducing the impurity energy levels. Profiting from such doping strategy, the prominent photocurrent signal is obtained compared with pure paper-based SnO₂ NTs. Ultimately, an innovative visible light responsive paper-based Sn-doping SnO_2-x NTs are developed and employed as the photoelectrode for the PEC biosensor using the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) as the model analyte. Under the optimal conditions, the ultrasensitive AFP sensing is realized with the linear range and detection limitation of 10 pg mL^-1 to 200 ng mL^-1 and 3.84 pg mL^-1, respectively. This work provides a judiciously strategy for developing novel photoactive materials for paper-based PEC bioanalysis.