Radiation on Earth or in Space: What Does It Change?

Area of Science:

• Space biology
• Radiation oncology
• Astrobiology

Background:

• Space exploration presents new technological and societal challenges.
• Astronauts face significant health risks from space radiation (IRS).
• Assessing IRS risks is critical for long-duration space missions.

Purpose of the Study:

• Identify specificities of different IRS sources.
• Evaluate the impact of IRS on astronauts.
• Refine radiation protection concepts for space travel.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of IRS impact probabilities on spacecraft shielding.
• Review of radiobiology research on space radiation effects.
• Consideration of dose, dose-rate, and individual factors.

Main Results:

• Heavy ion impacts are rare in low Earth orbit.
• Secondary neutrons may affect surface tissues (eyes, skin).
• Internal radiation may impact deep tissues (bones, cardiovascular system).

Conclusions:

• Space radiation can cause skin melanoma, cataracts, bone loss, and cardiovascular aging.
• Radiosusceptibility and radiodegeneration are key concerns.
• Extreme solar events may trigger acute radiation syndrome-like reactions.