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The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
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Nonequilibrium Temperature: An Approach from Irreversibility.

Umberto Lucia1, Giulia Grisolia1

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Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
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This study defines nonequilibrium temperature using Gouy-Stodola and Carnot theorems. The new definition connects temperature to electromagnetic outflow, environmental conditions, and system properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Nonequilibrium temperature research is expanding due to advances in nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Existing definitions of nonequilibrium temperature must consider system energy and energy fluxes.
  • Applications span information theory, kinetic theory, and superfluids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel definition for nonequilibrium temperature.
  • To ensure the definition aligns with theoretical requirements derived from Gouy-Stodola and Carnot theorems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Gouy-Stodola and Carnot theorems as foundational principles.
  • Developed a definition based on theoretical requirements of nonequilibrium temperature.

Main Results:

  • Introduced a new definition of nonequilibrium temperature.
  • Linked nonequilibrium temperature to electromagnetic outflow from microscopic irreversibility.
  • Connected temperature to environmental temperature, mean energy, and system characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed definition satisfies theoretical requirements for nonequilibrium temperature.
  • This definition provides a comprehensive link between temperature and system properties, including energy and irreversibility.