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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Bead Loading Proteins and Nucleic Acids into Adherent Human Cells
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A Simple and Quick Method for Loading Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles.

Sara Busatto1,2,3, Dalila Iannotta1,4, Sierra A Walker1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 30, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new, simple method to load proteins into extracellular vesicles (EVs) after isolation. This technique offers a fast and versatile alternative for EV-based protein delivery with reduced toxicity.

Keywords:
Cas9drug deliveryexosomeextracellular vesiclesprotein delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers for intercellular biomolecular cargo.
  • EVs show promise as delivery vehicles for therapeutic compounds.
  • Current methods for loading proteins into EVs, like genetic engineering, have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quick, versatile, and simple post-isolation method for loading proteins into EVs.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and toxicity of this new protein-loading method.

Main Methods:

  • Proteins, including Cas9, were complexed with cationic lipids.
  • Lipid-protein complexes were incubated with isolated EVs (MDA-MB-231 cell-derived).
  • Size-exclusion chromatography removed uncomplexed components.
  • EV protein delivery was compared to electroporation and commercial transfection reagents.

Main Results:

  • The developed method successfully loaded proteins into EVs.
  • EVs retained their native features after protein loading.
  • Intracellular protein delivery levels were comparable to conventional methods.
  • The new EV-based method exhibited lower toxicity compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions:

  • A simple, versatile, and rapid method for post-isolation EV protein loading was established.
  • This method provides a viable alternative to genetic engineering for EV-based protein delivery.
  • The findings support the potential of EVs as safe and effective delivery vehicles for therapeutic proteins.