Emerging Emulsifiers: Conceptual Basis for the Identification and Rational Design of Peptides with Surface Activity

Emulsifiers are gradually evolving from synthetic molecules of petrochemical origin to biomolecules mainly due to health and environmental concerns. Peptides represent a type of biomolecules whose molecular structure is composed of a sequence of amino acids that can be easily tailored to have specific properties. However, the lack of knowledge about emulsifier behavior, structure-performance relationships, and the implementation of different design routes have limited the application of these peptides. Some computational and experimental approaches have tried to close this knowledge gap, but restrictions in understanding the fundamental phenomena and the limited property data availability have made the performance prediction for emulsifier peptides an area of intensive research. This study provides the concepts necessary to understand the emulsifying behavior of peptides. Additionally, a straightforward description is given of how the molecular structure and conditions of the system directly impact the peptides' ability to stabilize emulsion droplets. Moreover, the routes to design and discover novel peptides with interfacial and emulsifying activity are also discussed, along with the strategies to address some of their major pitfalls and challenges. Finally, this contribution reviews methodologies to build and use data sets containing standard properties of emulsifying peptides by looking at successful applications in different fields.