Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editorial for "Infant Brain Age Estimation With T1w/T2w Ratio MRI: A Myelination-Aware Deep Learning Approach".

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same author

Dose-dependent white matter changes associated with repetitive head impacts in former American football players.

Brain communications·2026
Same author

A Data-Driven Normalization Framework for Subject-Specific Cerebrovascular Reactivity Assessment in Cerebrovascular Disease.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026
Same author

Detection of Microbehavior Intervals for Predicting Mental Health: Clinically Relevant and Advanced Multimodal Temporal Analysis.

Journal of medical Internet research·2026
Same author

SIGNAL: A Scalable, Real-World Model for Rapid Intraoperative Molecular Classification of Gliomas Using Stimulated Raman Histology.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

3D foundation model for generalizable disease detection in head computed tomography.

Nature biomedical engineering·2026
Same journal

Lost in translation-what is translational neuroscience research?

Brain communications·2026
Same journal

Modulating α-synuclein clearance: a comparison of high-frequency and direct current stimulation in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease.

Brain communications·2026
Same journal

The neural bases of frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia subtypes: insights from activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of 8057 patients.

Brain communications·2026
Same journal

Beyond neurofilaments: a multidimensional blood signature for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Brain communications·2026
Same journal

Blood-based biomarker discovery in motor neuron disease using nucleic acid-linked immuno-sandwich assay.

Brain communications·2026
Same journal

Rescue of mitochondrial and neurite pathology in <i>SPG7</i> hereditary spastic paraplegia patient-derived cortical neurons.

Brain communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
10:59

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: November 19, 2012

15.5K

Global decrease in brain sodium concentration after mild traumatic brain injury.

Teresa Gerhalter1, Anna M Chen1, Seena Dehkharghani1,2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Brain Communications
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sodium MRI detects non-focal, lower sodium concentrations in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients compared to controls. This finding, contrary to hypothesis, correlates with neuropsychological outcomes, suggesting mTBI alters sodium homeostasis.

Keywords:
clinical and cognitive assessmentdiffusion tensor imagingmild traumatic brain injurysodium MRItotal sodium concentration

More Related Videos

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
07:21

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: May 27, 2022

3.3K
Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
08:27

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 11, 2025

614

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
10:59

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: November 19, 2012

15.5K
Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
07:21

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: May 27, 2022

3.3K
Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
08:27

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 11, 2025

614

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) involves ionic homeostasis disruption, but in vivo detection and clinical outcome correlation remain unclear.
  • Sodium MRI is explored as a potential non-invasive biomarker for mTBI, contrasting with standard diffusion imaging metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if regional and global total sodium concentrations are altered in mTBI patients versus controls.
  • To determine if sodium MRI findings correlate with clinical presentation and neuropsychological function in mTBI.

Main Methods:

  • Proton and sodium MRI at 3 Tesla were used on 27 mTBI patients and 19 controls.
  • Voxel averaging across 12 grey and white matter regions calculated total sodium concentration, fractional anisotropy, and apparent diffusion coefficient.
  • Linear regression analyzed global sodium concentrations and correlations with clinical/neuropsychological assessments.

Main Results:

  • Regional analysis showed limited differences in diffusion metrics and sodium concentration between patients and controls.
  • Global analysis revealed significantly lower grey and white matter sodium concentrations in mTBI patients.
  • Global grey matter sodium concentration showed the strongest correlation with neuropsychological test composite scores.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium MRI, particularly linear regression analysis, effectively detects non-focal alterations in sodium homeostasis in mTBI.
  • Lower sodium concentrations in mTBI patients suggest a unique biological effect on sodium balance, differing from other neurological disorders.
  • Sodium MRI shows potential as a non-invasive tool for assessing mTBI, even in mild cases, and correlating with patient outcomes.