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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

151
Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
151
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

190
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
190
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

86
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
86
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

103
AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
103
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

878
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
878
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

71
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
71

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
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Acute Rheumatic Fever.

Subhrajit Lahiri1, Amy Sanyahumbi1

  • 1Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.

Pediatrics in Review
|May 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) affects children globally, often after streptococcal infections. Prevention through timely treatment and penicillin prophylaxis is crucial for avoiding rheumatic heart disease (RHD).

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) affects 8-51 per 100,000 globally, primarily children aged 5-15.
  • ARF incidence correlates with overcrowding and poor socioeconomic factors.
  • Rheumatic carditis, a complication of ARF, can lead to rheumatic heart disease (RHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of timely group A streptococcal infection treatment to prevent ARF.
  • To emphasize penicillin prophylaxis for preventing ARF recurrence and subsequent RHD.
  • To underscore the need for improved ARF diagnosis, novel therapies, and increased RHD research and awareness.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis of ARF relies on the 2015 modified Jones criteria.
  • Clinical signs and symptoms are essential for differential diagnosis due to the absence of a gold standard lab test.
  • Secondary prophylaxis with benzathine penicillin G is a key strategy for RHD control.

Main Results:

  • Timely treatment of streptococcal infections prevents ARF.
  • Penicillin prophylaxis effectively prevents ARF recurrence.
  • Benzathine penicillin G secondary prophylaxis significantly reduces RHD incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Prevention of recurrent ARF is the most effective method to prevent RHD.
  • Clinicians must understand the implications of secondary prophylaxis for ARF management.
  • There is a critical need for enhanced ARF diagnosis, novel treatments, and increased research and public health awareness for RHD, which remains underfunded and neglected.