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Related Concept Videos

Transduction01:16

Transduction

468
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

152.6K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications
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Jumpstarting evolution: How transposition can facilitate adaptation to rapid environmental changes.

Pierre Baduel1, Leandro Quadrana1

  • 1Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.

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Transposable elements (TEs) can cause mutations but also drive adaptation. This review covers how TEs are regulated and their role in evolution during environmental change.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences capable of replicating across genomes.
  • TEs are significant drivers of mutations, influencing genome evolution.
  • While often deleterious, TE activity can also generate adaptive variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on the regulation of transposition.
  • To explore the impact of transposable elements on adaptation.
  • To discuss the role of TEs in species' evolutionary responses to environmental changes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on TE regulation and function.
  • Analysis of epigenetic silencing mechanisms controlling TE activity.
  • Examination of TE integration site preferences and their evolutionary consequences.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin-based mechanisms tightly regulate TE activity at multiple levels.
  • TEs exhibit environmental sensitivity and specific integration preferences.
  • Despite being mutagenic, TEs can provide crucial adaptive variation.

Conclusions:

  • TEs are powerful engines of adaptive innovation.
  • Understanding TE regulation is key to comprehending evolutionary responses to environmental shifts.
  • TEs play a critical role in shaping species' adaptation to changing environments.